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hi everyone

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my name is michaela and i am a phd

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student from te farewell nanga o tamaki

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makuro

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the university of auckland and today i'm

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just going to talk to you

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about some of the work i've been doing

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for my phd

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which focuses on recently obtained drill

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core from the 3.48 billion year old

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dresser formation

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but just quickly before i begin i'd like

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to take this moment to acknowledge the

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number people

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as the traditional custodians of the

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land and what you may feel work took

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a place and also extend any respect to

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all first nations people prison

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so a quick background of the dresser

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formation for those who might not know

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it's a geologic unit that's 3.48 billion

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years old

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and is located in the pelba craton in

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northwestern australia

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the paleo environmental setting for the

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deposit is an

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ancient dynamic hydrothermal

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volcanic caldera setting and this

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caldera setting would have undertaken

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periods of inflation and deflation as

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well as having a lot of hydrothermal

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fluid circulating around

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but what's really interesting about the

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dress information

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is that it provides earth's most

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convincing

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evidence of early life in the geologic

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record

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and this is through a diverse array of

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biosignatures

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and one of these bio signatures are

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stromelites

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so from stromatolites for those who

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might not know

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are interlayed microbial and sedimentary

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structures

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and these just build up over time on top

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of each other

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and so the top picture we have an

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example of a modern analog so

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one that's currently alive and this is

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in shark bay which is

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also in western australia maybe not the

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prettiest form of life but

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it has survived more than 3.5 billion

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years

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and then on the bottom image you can see

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a outcrop image of stromatolite from the

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dresser formation

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so if you look at where those white

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squiggly lines are those are the

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microbial mats

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so essentially what you're looking at

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there is your great

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great great times a million grandparent

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so can you guys see the wrinkles

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so the stromatolites of the dressing

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formation are found in a range of

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different

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paleo environmental settings this is

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ranging from

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shallow lagoon all the way to hot spring

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deposits so this is a work done by dr

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tara jockage for her phd

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and what she did is she actually went

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out and she

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mapped a bunch of these stromatolites

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and discovered

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hot spring stromatolites and this is an

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example so if you look at the

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boxes d b and c you can see the

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microstramatolites in this

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and what's really exciting about this

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discovery

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is that this is the earliest evidence of

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life

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on land so this is an amazing discovery

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that tara did for her phd

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i'm just going to take a step back now

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and explain why

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hot springs are so important when it

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comes to looking for life in extreme

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environments

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and how this can relate to origin of

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life studies and early life as well as

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possible

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life on other planets so for those who

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might not know how hot springs form

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so what happens is you get meteoric

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water so rain water

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and this percolates down through porous

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cracks and fishes

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in the underlying rock and as it

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percolates down

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it eventually comes close to an

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underlying magmatic source

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and this magmatic source gives off a

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bunch of heat

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which causes convection and therefore

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the

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hot water begins to rise and as it rises

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it actually leeches minerals from the

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surrounding rock

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and this is a wide range of minerals and

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so if you imagine you had

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a cup of boiling hot water and you added

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a teaspoon of salt into there and you

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stirred it around

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that salt is going to dissolve but if

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you let that hot water cool down

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eventually that salt will re-precipitate

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out

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of the hot water and it's a similar

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component when you look at hot springs

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the hot water is leeching all of these

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minerals from the surrounding rock

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but eventually it will outflow

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and here we have a picture of some phd

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students

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in yellowstone taking some very

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important

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notes on geysering and geyser formation

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but yes the hot water will outflow and

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eventually it will cool down

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and so what you get is these

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vast planes of hot spring deposits

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which are undertaking a bunch of

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different temperatures

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they have a bunch of different phs and

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they have a bunch of different water

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chemistry

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based on the minerals that were leached

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the distance from

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where they outflowed from the vent and

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the

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chemistries

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and so if you look at these stunning

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pictures from yellowstone

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everywhere you see those vibrant

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pink orange yellow green

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brown colors those are all

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microbial mattes so what's super

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important about hot spring

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deposits is that life is everywhere in

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these systems

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life is thriving in all different

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temperatures all different ph's

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and all different water chemistries so

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these are extreme environments

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that are teeming with life and what is

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also really interesting about

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these pictures is everywhere you see

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that white

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kind of gray color that's actually a

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mineral called

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silica and so as i said before the

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minerals get incorporated into the hot

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water because they dissolve

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but eventually as this hot water cools

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down and eventually dries out

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minerals re-precipitate out and one of

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these minerals

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is silica and so what's really important

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about silica is that it rapidly entombs

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these microbial mats

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so what you're looking at right there is

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active fossilization

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so you are essentially looking at rock

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being formed

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and this is what's happening with the

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early life studies

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we have rapid internment of these

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microbes

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and so we have been able to go through

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and we've been able to map

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the type of hot spring faces the type of

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deposits and textures you'd expect to

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see

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based on distance from the vent from

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where the hot water comes out

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this gives you an indication of where

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you are in the system based on distance

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from the vent and temperature

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and this is what tara did for her phd

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she went out and she mapped a bunch of

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these different

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hot spring deposits in the dresser

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including

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this one which i showed before which is

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actually geyserite so that's

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right at that vent so these would have

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been extreme

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thermophilic so heat loving microbes

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it's an absolutely stunning phd and

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amazing work from tara

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the only issue with these deposits is

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that they're from

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outcrops and these outcrops are

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weathered to

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70 meters depth so because of this a

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drilling project was proposed based off

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the work that tara did

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to try and intersect these hot springs

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at depth

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and this is what my phd focuses on so

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here are some

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stunning images of us out collecting our

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drill core

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and the nice and toasty 40 degree

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celsius

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uh outback heat you can see us also

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trying to

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fight away the flies while we were

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eating

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and so we obtained uh four drill cores

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of five to thirty meters in length

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and what we found is that these drill

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cores show

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excellent preservation of uh

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bio signatures of textual biosignatures

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so here is an

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outcrop image of stromatolites and if

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you follow my

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mouse you can see where the

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stromatolites are and so

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there's been a lot of discussion in the

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scientific literature

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over the authentication of these

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biosignatures

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but if you look at the core deposits you

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can actually see

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how well preserved these textual

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biosignatures are

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these are absolutely stunning

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preservation of stromatolites

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and not only that but we actually have

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potential primary minerals of

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pyrite being preserved as well so we're

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very excited about the preservation in

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this core

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and particularly this horizon is of

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interest because

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you can see the stromatolites have been

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preserved because of an event horizon

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so there was some carbonate sands

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sandstone on top

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and so we thought it would be

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interesting to image into this

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into the core to see the 3d morphology

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of these

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deposits so we went over to ansto

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which is over in australia and we use

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the dingo

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and australians love giving animal names

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to high-powered

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machines and this image through the core

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and if you look at this middle horizon

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you can see the stromatolites popping in

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and out

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and this actually helps us with this uh

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biogenicity

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because it shows that these

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stromatolites are

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3d and morphology so that's very

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exciting and it's something i'm working

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on at the moment

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another interesting discovery that we've

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made in the court

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is that if you look at the core or

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correlate the cores between each other

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you find that there's

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not a lot of areas where correlation can

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occur

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however when you take a step back and

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you try and correlate with outcrops

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that are kilometers away we start to see

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repetitions of specific horizons

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and one of these horizons is this green

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swirly horizon you can see in these

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stratigraphy logs

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and here's a picture of the green swirly

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horizon outcrop and then in core

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and when we start to think of

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environments that show the

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similar repetition geothermal systems

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are one of these

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where you don't have a lot of

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correlation

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in the small scale but when you take a

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regional scale there is a lot of

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reoccurring lithologies

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so we're actually quite excited because

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we think this could potentially be some

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more hot spring deposits

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we also think we've discovered some

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palisade texture so palisade texture

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forms on

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the distal apron of a hot spring

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and what's really interesting is that if

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this is

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palisade texture then this would be the

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earliest evidence of micro

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microbial filaments in the geologic

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record so that's what i'm currently

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investigating at the moment as well

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and then finally we've identified

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several horizons with spherial

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deposits and these spherical deposits

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have textures that are similar to impact

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sphericals

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so the earlier ikea would have been a

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really hostile

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place to live there would have been no

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atmosphere

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and what is also predicted is that there

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would have been constant bombardment

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from these large impactors the scale

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that would have killed

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dinosaurs but unfortunately the geologic

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record is quite sparse with indications

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of this

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so this is really exciting because this

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helps try and fill that gap

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but also if these are impacts rules then

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they would also be the oldest in the

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geologic record which is quite exciting

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so that's just a quick brief results of

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what i've been finding in my

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course and i just want to say big thank

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you for listening and big thank you to

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our sponsors

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and also here is what people in the

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outback consider to be